Psyscope blocks8/24/2023 First, when a searched-for target object's position is unknown, a template may specify the target's properties, biasing attention shifts toward objects that share one or more of the target's properties (Duncan & Humphreys, 1989 Malcolm & Henderson, 2009 Reeder & van Peelen, 2013 Wolfe, Cave, & Franzel, 1989 Wyble, Folk, & Potter, 2013). These top-down representations, or search templates, must often specify a target object's features, influencing search in at least two ways. Efficient search of such complex stimuli requires flexible, top-down representations that specify which stimuli are relevant and which are not (Arita, Carlisle, & Woodman, 2012 Bundesen, 1990 Cohen, Konkle, Rhee, Nakayama, & Alvarez, 2014 Koshino, 2001 Telling, Kumar, Meyer, & Humphreys, 2010 Wolfe, 1994). The human visual system presumably is optimized for processing the complex combinations of objects, colors, surfaces, and textures that typify natural scenes (Burge, Fowlkes, & Banks, 2010 Sigman, Cecchi, Gilbert, & Magnasco, 2001 Tkacik, Prentice, Victor, & Balasubramanian, 2010). TFR can specify semantic information to guide attention away from nontargets. These patterns were not observed for one-image displays or when observers searched for object categories rather than ignoring them, demonstrating their specificity to TFR, the inadequacy of search-and-destroy models to account for them, and likely basis in attentional guidance. Adding a training phase to highlight semantic distinctiveness of two object categories reinstated the two-category cost, precluding stimulus-based accounts of the effect. This two-category cost, attributed to inefficient application of search templates, was absent for two physically dissimilar but semantically related categories. We found that when nontargets belonged unpredictably to either of two physically distinct categories, search was less efficient than when targets belonged to one known category. Noting a limitation of previous procedures used to study standard search templates, we trialed an alternative method to examine semantic templates for nontarget exclusion in natural scene search. In such scenes, targets and nontargets may not be easily distinguished on the basis of their visual features it has been claimed that standard search templates may therefore specify target objects' semantic features to guide attention. Little is known about TFR, and virtually nothing is known about their role in guiding search across natural scenes. In contrast to standard search templates that specify a target object's expected features, templates for rejection (TFR) may specify features of nontargets, biasing attention away from irrelevant objects.
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